Innovation Alphabet

Network Effect

in a nutshell

The bigger, the better. The network effect (also called the snowball effect) is an economic phenomenon whereby growth in the number of users increases the value of a good or service. Each user, in turn, incentivizes other people to join the network, adding even more value, and so on. The consequences are tangible: the effect determines power relations and distributes the power of the new economy, creating web monopolies.

A gradual avalanche as the Newtork Effect quickcard header image A gradual avalanche as the Newtork Effect quickcard header image
Application Fields

• Social media: Social networks, as the name suggests, are an obvious example of network effect. As users register with the platforms, companies sniff the opportunity and try to advertise themselves by registering as well. The increase in advertisers brings in more revenue for social media. The latter, as a result, evolve and are able to offer even more services to their members.

• Finance: Stock exchanges and derivatives are characterized by the snowball effect. As trading volumes increase, liquidity also rises, while transaction costs fall. This is a phenomenon that attracts a large number of buyers and sellers.

• Websites: Just think of online marketplaces, such as eBay, a platform that functions because of a competitive auction system. The more eBay users, the more competitive the auctions become, and consequently the number of bids to win the desired item soars. This is a situation that makes trading on the site profitable and, as a result, attracts sellers in large numbers. This leads to lower prices due to an increase in supply, which simultaneously diversifies.

eBay is a great example of how a business grows through network effects – source: Harvard Business School

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Industries

• Network Effect in ridesharing services
Uber gained popularity and evolved through the support of users who signed up and, from time to time, amplified the platform’s outreach. The brand gained market value in relation to the amount of drivers and passengers who registered.

Uber liquidity network effect – source: LinkedIn

Network Effect in cryptocurrencies
The unique and advantageous properties of bitcoin make it an attractive asset for investors. The more users join its network, the more it gains value and security. By incorporating the study of the mechanisms that produce snowball effects into the design process of new digital currencies and blockchain networks, the scale-up of cryptocurrencies could be accelerating.

Business Functions

• Network Effect in support of Amazon
The world’s largest Internet company has acquired Whole Foods Market, a company that does not fall into the category of businesses usually purchased by Jeff Bezos. In fact, Amazon’s founder has always focused on competing businesses (Zappos, Woot, and Quidsi, to name a few) or start-ups (Alexa, or Elemental Technologies), to go and complement and extend his offerings. Here, the Whole Foods operation falls within the logic of the network effect. Now, Amazon can also add users included in the food and fruit and vegetable sector to its network of contacts.

Network Effect in support of Google and YouTube
Google Video (yes, it existed) could never compete with YouTube. So, Google decided to buy the world’s most popular video sharing platform, turning it into a great channel for advertising through the development of a unique Video Ad system.

• Network Effect in support of Facebook
The social network created by Mark Zuckerberg was launched with a clustered approach: initially, the focus was entirely on product development. When more than 80 percent of Harvard students were enrolled in Facebook, the level of engagement was considered high enough to expand. So much so that initially the platform was criticized because it seemed that it could not grow fast enough. In reality, its expansion was strategic.

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